Spatial analysis of built-up land development in 1995 and 2025 based on slope level in Ternate City, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58812/jgws.v3i02.2308Kata Kunci:
built-up land, spatial analysis, slope, ternateAbstrak
Ternate City in North Maluku, Indonesia, is experiencing rapid population growth and residential land development, with diverse topography and slopes that affect the expansion of built-up land. This study analyzed the development of built-up land in 1995 and 2025 based on slope levels using Landsat imagery and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The results showed that built-up land expanded rapidly in the 8-25% slope zone (an increase of 96.8-372%) and the >25% zone (+206.5%), indicating that development pressure pushed urbanization into topographically difficult areas. Greenland conversion (903.78 ha less) also affected the environmental balance, while water bodies remained stable (67.58 ha). The dominance of steep slopes >40% (3,013.36 ha) is a major challenge for sustainable development. These findings emphasize the need for a spatial approach based on integrated geomorphological analysis, particularly landslide risk mitigation in steep slope zones, while meeting settlement needs
Referensi
Abdelsamie, E. A., Mustafa, A. A., El-Sorogy, A. S., Maswada, H. F., Almadani, S. A., Shokr, M. S., … Meroño de Larriva, J. E. (2024). Current and Potential Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Scenarios in Dry Lands Using a CA-Markov Simulation Model and the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Method: A Cloud-Based Google Earth Engine (GEE) Approach. Sustainability, 16(24), 11130. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411130
Achmadi, P. N., Dimyati, M., Manesa, M. D. M., & Rakuasa, H. (2023). MODEL PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN BERBASIS CA-MARKOV: STUDI KASUS KECAMATAN TERNATE UTARA, KOTA TERNATE. Jurnal Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 10(2), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2023.010.2.28
Akbar, F., & Supriatna. (2019). Land cover modelling of Pelabuhanratu City in 2032 using celullar automata-markov chain method. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 311, 012071. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/311/1/012071
Bamrungkhul, S., & Tanaka, T. (2022). The assessment of land suitability for urban development in the anticipated rapid urbanization area from the Belt and Road Initiative: A case study of Nong Khai City, Thailand. Sustainable Cities and Society, 83, 103988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103988
Calka, B., & Szostak, M. (2025). GIS-Based Environmental Monitoring and Analysis. Applied Sciences, 15(6), 3155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063155
CNN Indonesia. (2024). Ternate Dilanda Banjir Bandang Dini Hari, 13 Orang Meninggal. Retrieved October 8, 2024, from CNN Indonesia.com website: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20240825135942-20-1137259/ternate-dilanda-banjir-bandang-dini-hari-13-orang-meninggal
Hehanussa, F. S., Sumunar, D. R. S., & Rakuasa, H. (2025). Spatial Analysis of Ground Movement Potential, Based on Rock Type and Distance from Active Faults in Ambon City, Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 10(10), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i10.18675
Heinrich Rakuasa. (2025). Classification of Sentinel-2A Satellite Image for Ternate City land cover using Random Forest Classification in SAGA GIS Software. DNS – DIGITAL NEXUS SYSTEMATIC JOURNA, 1(1), 34–36. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26753/dns.v1i1.1554
Kamboj, S., & Ali, S. (2021). Urban sprawl of Kota city: A case study of urban heat island linked with electric consumption. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 5304–5314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.783
Kechebour, B. EL. (2015). Relation between Stability of Slope and the Urban Density: Case Study. Procedia Engineering, 114, 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.034
Kusrini, Worosuprojo, S., Kurniawan, A., & Hizbaron, D. R. (2023). Land Use Changes of Ternate Island 2017-2022. E3S Web of Conferences, 468, 10005. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346810005
Onisimo Muntaga, L. K. (2019). Google Earth Engine Applications. Remotesensing, 11–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050591
Pande, C. B., Diwate, P., Orimoloye, I. R., Sidek, L. M., Pratap Mishra, A., Moharir, K. N., … Tolche, A. D. (2024). Impact of land use/land cover changes on evapotranspiration and model accuracy using Google Earth engine and classification and regression tree modeling. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2023.2290350
Rakuasa, H., & Pakniany, Y. (2022). Spatial Dynamics of Land Cover Change in Ternate Tengah District, Ternate City, Indonesia. Forum Geografi, 36(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.23917/forgeo.v36i2.19978
Rakuasa, H., Rifai, A., & Latue, P. C. (2025). Analisis Spasial Kemampuan Lahan Kota Ambon. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Sains Modern, 2(2), 58–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.69930/jtsm.v2i2.315
Rakuasa, H. (2025). Spatial-temporal analysis of built-up land development in landslide-prone areas: Disaster risk assessment. Calamity: A Journal of Disaster Technology and Engineering, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.61511/calamity.v2i2.2025.1179
Rakuasa, H., & Budnikov, V. V. (2025). Spatial Analysis of Vegetation Density Using MSARVI Algorithm and Sentinel-2A Imagery in Ternate City, Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Science Application, 2(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.69693/jesa.v2i1.14
Rakuasa, H., Budnikov, V. V., & Adifan, M. R. (2024). Utilization of Digital Elevation Models in Slope Morphology Analysis for Landslide Identification in Ternate City, Indonesia. Applied Engineering, Innovation, and Technology, 1(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.62777/aeit.v1i2.40
Rakuasa, H., Budnikov, V. V., Joshua, B., & Latue, P. C. (2025). Spatial Temporal Analysis of Development in Adiwerna Sub-district, Indonesia due to the Impact of Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road Development. Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education, 4, 907–912. Retrieved from https://sunankalijaga.org/prosiding/index.php/icrse/article/view/1523
Rakuasa, H., Budnikov, V. V., & Latue, P. C. (2025). Application of GIS Technology for Landslide Prone Area Analysis in Ambon Island, Indonesia. Journal of Geographical Sciences and Education, 3(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.69606/geography.v3i1.170
Rakuasa, H., & Khromykh, V. V. (2025a). Simulation of Urban Growth in Ternate Island using Cellular Automata Markov Chains Models. Asian Journal of Environmental Research, 2(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.69930/ajer.v2i1.310
Rakuasa, H., & Khromykh, V. V. (2025b). Utilization of GIS Technology for Mapping Flood-Prone Areas in Ambon Island, Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 10(10), 296–310. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i10.18679
Rakuasa, H., Khromykh, V. V, & Rifai, A. (2025). Mapping of Landslide Prone Areas in Ternate City, Indonesia Using Geographic Information System. Journal of Geographical Sciences and Education, 3(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.69606/geography.v3i2.214
Rifai, Ahmad, & Rakuasa, H. (2025). Spatial Dynamics of Land Cover Change in Tidore Island, Indonesia 2015-2025. KnE Social Sciences, 10(10), 324–330. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v10i10.18682
Rifai, Ahmat, Rakuasa, H., Halim, Latue, P. C., Sarfan, R., & Tehupelasury, S. (2025). Spatial Transformation of Physical Change of Built-up Land in Ambon City Center, Indonesia, Period 1940-2025. Asian Journal of Environmental Research, 2(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.69930/ajer.v2i1.319
Salakory, M., Rakuasa, H. (2022). Modeling of Cellular Automata Markov Chain for predicting the carrying capacity of Ambon City. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (JPSL), 12(2), 372–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.2.372-387
Sihasale, D. A., Latue, P. C., & Rakuasa, H. (2023). Spatial Analysis of Built-Up Land Suitability in Ternate Island. Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Dan Inovasi Teknologi, 1(02), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.59653/jimat.v1i02.219
Tian, G., Ma, B., Xu, X., Liu, X., Xu, L., Liu, X., … Kong, L. (2016). Simulation of urban expansion and encroachment using cellular automata and multi-agent system model—A case study of Tianjin metropolitan region, China. Ecological Indicators, 70, 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.021
Zhang, P., Ke, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, M., Li, P., & Zhang, S. (2018). Urban Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using Novel Deep Learning Models Based on High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery. Sensors, 18(11), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113717
Zhou, L., Dang, X., Mu, H., Wang, B., & Wang, S. (2021). Cities are going uphill: Slope gradient analysis of urban expansion and its driving factors in China. Science of The Total Environment, 775, 145836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145836
Zhou, Ye, Wu, T., & Wang, Y. (2022). Urban expansion simulation and development-oriented zoning of rapidly urbanising areas: A case study of Hangzhou. Science of The Total Environment, 807, 150813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150813
Zhou, Yuan, Chen, M., Tang, Z., & Mei, Z. (2021). Urbanization, land use change, and carbon emissions: Quantitative assessments for city-level carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 102701. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102701
Unduhan
Dimensions
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ahmat Rifai, Heinrich Rakuasa, Philia C Latue, Halim, La Mbeli Rajani

Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.